Together, these combined announcements by the IRS detail 2023 adjusted limits to the amounts employees can tuck away pretax into Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs), Health Savings Accounts (HSAs), transportation benefits, and retirement plans such as 401(k)s.
While IRS limits for HSAs and HDHPs are required, by law, to be announced by June 1st, limits for these other pretax savings vehicles always seem to come so late in the year that many employers have already completed their employee benefits open enrollments.
Employers who have already completed open enrollment for 2023 have two choices when it comes to communicating these updates; 1) they can do nothing, since there isn't an obligation to make the maximum election amounts available to employees, or 2) they can reopen the enrollment process and let employees who want to increase their elections do so before December 31st, for calendar year plans.
What follows is a consolidated summary of the new IRS limits;
Employees can deposit an incremental $200 into their Health Care FSAs in 2023. And if an employer's plan allows for carrying over unused Health Care FSA funds, the maximum carryover amount has also risen, up $40 from $570 in 2022, to $610 in 2023. It's also worth noting that any amount that rolls over into the new plan year does not affect the maximum limit that employees can contribute.
These new limits also apply to limited-purpose FSAs which are used with HSAs to provide employees with tax-advantaged funds to pay for qualified dental and vision care services.
Employers can also provide Health Care FSA contributions in addition to the amount that employees can elect. In fact, employees can elect up to the IRS limit and still receive this employer contribution in addition to those amounts.
These employer contributions to a Health Care FSA are based on how much the employee contributes:
In general, however, employer contributions should not exceed $500 per plan year for a Health Care FSA to maintain excepted benefit status, which avoids making it subject to certain ACA and HIPAA requirements.
Unlike the Health Care FSA, which is indexed to cost-of-living adjustments, the Dependent Care FSA maximum is set by statute. For 2023, it remains $5,000 a year for individuals or married couples filing jointly, or $2,500 for a married person filing separately.
To be clear, married couples have a combined $5,000 limit, even if each has access to a separate dependent care FSA through his or her employer.
Employers can also choose to contribute to employees' Dependent Care FSAs. However, unlike with a Health Care FSA, the combined employer and employee contributions to a Dependent Care FSA cannot exceed the IRS limits noted here.
Eldercare may be eligible for reimbursement with a Dependent Care FSA if the adult lives with the FSA holder at least 8 hours of the day and is claimed as a dependent on the FSA holder's federal tax return.
The IRS also increased the amount employees can contribute to 401(k), 403(b), and most 457 plans, raising the contribution cap to $22,500 from $20,500 in 2022, while the catch-up contribution increased $1,000 to $7,500, from $6,500 a year earlier. This means that workers 50 and older can save as much as $30,000 into these plans in 2023.
For IRAs, the amount an individual can contribute increases to $6,500 (up from $6,000 in 2022). The catch-up contribution amount remains $1,000. The amount individuals can contribute to their SIMPLE accounts increases to $15,500 (up from $14,000 in 2022). The catch-up contribution limit for SIMPLE account increases to $3,500 (up from $3,000).
Income limits for Roth IRA contributions are also increasing. You can read about the phase-out ranges here. All-in-all, these adjustments in retirement limits are one of the IRS's largest increases in decades.
Earlier this year the IRS also announced changes in limits on Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) and High Deductible Health Plans (HDHPs) for 2023. These limits include:
These limits vary based on whether an individual has self-only or family coverage under an HDHP.
The minimum deductible amount for HDHPs increases for 2023 ($1,500 for self-only coverage and $3,000 for family coverage). The HDHP maximum out-of-pocket expense limit also increases to $7,500 for self-only coverage and $15,000 for family coverage.
The monthly limit on expenses for work-related mass transit expenses (for example, bus and train fare), as well as parking, rises to $300 for 2023, which is $20 more than in 2022.
For 2023, the maximum amount of an employer subsidy for qualified child-adoption expenses that can be excluded from an employee's gross income will be $15,990, up from $14,890 for 2022.
For tax year 2023, to qualify as a Qualified Small Employer Health Reimbursement Arrangement (QSEHRA), the total amount of payments and reimbursements by employers for any year cannot exceed $5,850 for individual coverage or $11,800 for family coverage.
It’s important to advise employees considering making changes to their contribution elections that changes to most (but not all) of these savings vehicles can only be made during your company’s annual open enrollment period, or after a Qualified Life Event (QLE).
It's also important to remind them that unlike unspent HSA funds, which roll-over, FSA funds are "use-it-or-lost-it" and expire at the end of the year. It should also be stressed that while the IRS allowed employees to make mid-year adjustments to their FSA contributions during the pandemic, that flexibility no longer exists.
For employees contributing to an FSA, it's also a good idea to remind them that these tax-deferred funds will be available, in full, at the start of the plan year, even though contribution amounts will be equally deducted from their pretax earnings each pay period.
If you have any questions about this year’s IRS limits as they relate to these or other employee benefits, contact us right away.